Part Seven: THE SIX FU-ORGANS AND THE EXTRAORDINARY FU-ORGANS
[align=center][b]第七部分:六腑和奇恒之腑[/b][/align]WZ t8m+D\6@.J
TCM refers the gallbladder, the stomach, the large intestine, the small intestine, the urinary bladder and the triple energizer to the six fu-organs. it is not only that, besides the functions of their own, they are characterized by their common role ofdecomposing and digesting water and food, and discharging the wastes, but that, in the process of digesting and absorbing food and excreting the wastes, they are closely related to each other both physiologically and pathologically. Their functional feather is excretion without storage and taking descending and unobstruction as their normal functional state. TCM's rational knowledge of the interrelationship of the six fu-organs is well grounded on ancient anatomical knowledge, the observation of the physiological and pathological changes of the six fu-organs and the summarization of long-term and rich medical experience.E"UV G)K
中医的六腑指的是胆、胃、大肠、小肠、膀胱和三焦。这不仅是因为除了其自身功能之外，它们具有腐熟、消化水谷和传化糟粕的共同功能特点，而且是因为在食物的消化、吸收及排除残渣的过程中，它们在生理和病理上是密切相关的。它们的特点是泄而不藏，以通降为合。中医对六腑关系的理性认识来自于对六腑生理和病理改变的认识和长期丰富的临床经验。 H&^ _3j*szv Q
Food entering the stomach is decomposed into chyme which after digested by the stomach, is transported to the small intestine in which it is further digested by means of bile excreted by the gallbladder. The small intestine "separates the clear from turbid".The clear, refers to food essence, is transported and distributed to all parts of the body by the spleen; while the turbid is the residues of water and food. Of them waste water goes into the kidney, and then into the urinary bladder where it is turned into uruie to be excreted from the body. And the other is conveyed to the large intestine where it is changed into feces and leaves the body via the anus. In the whole process of the transportation and transformation of water and food, the triple energizer dominates qi transformation and qi movement of the whole body.9mSIEb q'GXj
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食物进入胃内经胃的消化变为食糜后转运至小肠，在小肠内由胆汁进一步消化。小肠有分清别浊的功能。清指的是食物精华，它有脾运送分散到人体的各个部分。而浊指的是水谷残渣。浊水经过膀胱转化成尿液排出体外。另外的部分则运送到大肠，在大肠内转化成粪便由肛门排出体外。在水谷运化的整个过程中，三焦调节气的运化和整个人体的气的运动。 c BZr n1t;m5JATB5u
The triple energizer is one ot the six fu-organs, and among all the zang-fu organs, it is the largest fu-organ in the human body. Huangdi's Classic on Medicine holds: "The triple energizer is separated from the zang-fu organs and yet is within the body. It encloses all organs and is the largest one." And the book also advanced a viewpoint that "The triple energizer exists in name only but is not the entity". Triple energizer has no exterior-interior relationships with the zang-organs, it is therefore called "solitary fu-organ". Its main functions are to pass various kinds of qi and to serve as the pathway for body fluid. It is divided into three parts: the upper energizer, middle energizer and lower energizer. The triple energizer with the related zang-fu organs, each having its own function to perform, accomplish jointly a complicated physiological process in the digestion, absorption, distribution and excretion.:rp'^ R7B;_ g ~
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三焦是六腑之一，在所有的脏腑器官中，它是人体中最大的腑。《黄帝内经》认为：“三焦与脏腑分离但位于体内。它围绕所有的器官，是人体最大的器官”。该书亦提出一个观点即“三焦有名无实”。三焦和脏之间没有表里关系，因此也称为“孤腑”。它的主要功能是运行各种气体并是体液运行的通道。它分为三个部分：上焦、中焦、下焦。三焦与相关脏腑，各自执行其功能共同完成消化、吸收、分散、排泄这个复杂的生理过程。
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The upper energizer refers usually to the part above the diaphragm, including the heart, lungs and head as well. Its main physiological function is to distribute essence-qi throughout the body. In other words, in combination with the heart and the lung, the upper energizer distributes essence-qi to the whole body to warm and nourish the skin and muscles, tendons and bones. This function is described in Miraculous Pivot "The upper energizer resembles a sprayer." This is a metaphor, which is used to describe the function of the upper energizer to sprinkle fog-like cereal essence.
上焦通常指的是膈以上的部分包括心、肺和头。它的主要生理功能是散精至身体的各个部分。换言之，通过心肺结合，上焦散精至全体以温养肌肤筋骨。这个功能在《灵枢》中被喻为“上焦如雾"，这是一种隐喻法，通常用于描述上焦散精的功能。 ?~-n s4}&lH)C:X
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The middle energizer refers mainly to the abdorminal part between the diaphragm and umbilicus, and includes such zang-fu organs as the spleen, stomach, liver and gallbladder. Its main physiological functions are to decompose food and transform nutrient substances into qi and blood, and to discharge the wastes and steam body fluid. This function is mentioned in Miraculous Pivot: "The middle energizer is likened to a fermentation tun." By "fermentation tun" is meant the place where food is decomposed and digested.
中焦主要指的是位于膈和脐之间的腹部部分，包括脾、胃、肝、胆。它的主要生理功能是腐熟水谷将精微物质转化胃气血，泌糟粕、蒸津液。这个功能在《灵枢》中被喻为“中焦如沤”。“沤”指的是食物腐熟消化的地方。
The lower energizer refers, generally, to the portion located below the stomach, including the small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, urinary bladder. etc. Its main function is to discharge food residuces and urine. So there is also a saying in Miraculous Pivot, "The lower energizer works like a sewer." Here "sewer" is used to describe the function to excrete the wastes. However, with the development of visceral manifestations (zang xiang), essence and blood of the liver and kidney as well as primordial qi are generally attributed to the lower energizer by later generations.
总的来说，下焦指的是位于胃以下的部分包括小肠、大肠、肾、膀胱等。它的主要生理功能是排泄糟粕和尿液。所以《灵枢》将其喻为“下焦如渎”。“渎”是用于描述排泄废物的功能。然而，随之脏象学说的发展，后人多认为肝肾之精血和元气也来自下焦。
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In short, the triple energizer dominates all kinds of qi and qi transformation of the human body, and serves as the pathway for water. Therefore, Basic Questions says: "The triple energizer, as the waterways, is an organ in charge of the water circulation, flowing along the waterways."ge hda*}[|^
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简而言之，三焦主司各种气体调节体内气体的运化并是水运行的通道。因此，《素问》曰：三焦者，决渎之官，水道出焉。
While the six fu-organs transport and tranform water and food, the process of reception, digestion, transportation and excretion are also in progress. The six fu-organs are usually in a state of the alternations between emptiness and fullness. And they transform food into essence but not store it. That's why TCM believes: " the six fu-organs function well when they are unobstructruction, the unobstructed is the normal functional state for the six fu-organs; where the regular descent is their normal functional activities."Pathologically, disorders among the six fu-organs often affect each other. For instance, when body fluid is consumed because of excessive heat in the stomach, the large intestine is bound to have trouble in transportation, and, in consequence, constipation occurs. A disturbance of the large intestine in transmission and transformation not only leads to the obstruction of the large intestine itself, but also affects the regular descent of stomach-qi, causing repeated vomiting. A dominant gallbladder fire often interferes with the stomach and results in vomiting bitter fluid.Dampness and heat accumulated in the stomach and spleen burn and steam the liver and the gallbladder. This may cause the bile to overflow, and give rise to jaundice. wL'\V"tXL2nR b
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六腑在运化水谷中，依次进行受纳、消化、传输、排泄的过程。六腑常处于更实更虚之中,传化物而不藏。这就是为什么中医认为六腑以通为用，以降为和。病理上六腑功能的失调会相互影响。例如，当胃实热证时，体液被消耗，大肠的传输功能也一定会出现问题而导致便秘的发生。大肠传输功能异常不仅会导致大肠气滞，也会影响胃气沉降而导致反复呕吐。胆火炽盛，常犯及胃造成呕吐苦水。脾胃实热常熏蒸肝胆，这便会导致胆汁外溢返流。
Apart from the six fu-organs, there are the brain, marrow, bones, vessels, gallbladder and uterus termed the "extraordinary fu-organs". Like the fu organs morphology, the extraordinary fu-organs are mostly hollow but not the pathways for the digestion and excretion of cereal food and, like the zang argans functionally, they also store essence-qi. With the exception of the gallbladder, they have no exterior-interior relationships.
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六腑之外，尚有脑、髓、骨、脉、胆、女子胞称为“奇恒之腑”。它在形态上与六腑相似，大多为空，但不是水谷消化和排泄的通道；在功能上与脏相似，它们也可藏精。除了胆，其他的都没有表里关系。gL-l3@ wA"~
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The brain is located in the skull and connects with the spinal marrow. It is the organ of spirit, consciousness and thinking. Basic Question says: "The head is the house of intelligence".(，the head is the residence of intelligence)Li Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty pointee out, "The brain is the seat of the mind", and the heart governs all funcctions of the whole body, including mental activities. In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Qingren stated: "The intelligence and memory onginate from the brain but not from the heart." And he also considered: "Thinking, memory, vision, hearing, smelling and speaking are all controlled by the brain." Although TCM has some knowledge of the brain's physiology and pathology, it still ascribes the functions of the brain to the heart, the liver and respectively to the five zang-organs, and holds that spirit, consciousness and thinking are related to the five zang-organs.6gMMD9J+O(Qp g!n
脑位于头颅，与髓相联系。它是精神、意识、思考的器官。《素问》曰：头者，精明之府。明代的李时珍指出：脑为元神之府。心统管全身功能包括精神活动。清代王清任指出“智力和记忆来自于脑而非心”。他认思考、记忆、视力、听力、嗅觉和言语都由脑控制。虽然中医对脑的生理和病理有了一些认识，胆始终将其归于心、肝和其他的五脏的功能里，认为魂、意识、思考于五脏相关
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The uterus, or womb(wu：m), situated in the lower abdomen posterior to the urinary bladder in women, is an inverted pear-shaped organ where menstruation occurs and the foetus is bred. They are two complex physiological processes in which tiangui, a kind of refined nutritious substance transformed from the kidney-essence, plays the most important role. Both Chong and Ren meridians originate from the uterus. The uterus is also closely related to the heart, liver and spleen, because normal menstruation and the nourishment of the foetus rely on the blood dominated by the heart, stored by the liver and controlledby the spleen. Therefore the dysfunction of the above organs will affect the normal functions of the uterus, bring about menstrual disorder and sterility.#Z P:}.e `&d
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女子胞是女性位于下腹膀胱之后的器官，是个倒置梨形的器官，是月经发生和孕育胎儿的场所。它们是两个复杂的生理过程，由肾经化生的精微物质-天暌在其中起了非常重要的作用。冲任二脉都起于女子胞。女子胞同样与心、肝、脾有着紧密的联系。因为，月经的正常和胎儿的营养要依靠心的主血、肝的藏血和脾的摄血功能。因此，以上脏器的功能失调将会影响女子胞的正常功能，造成月经鼻不调和不孕。
It should be pointed out that according to the theory of visceral manifestation, the names of the zang-fu organs correspond to those of the modern human anatomy and refers to the substantial internal organs. However, in the physiology and patholoty, the knowledge of TCM differs greatly from that of western medicine, which has been learnt a lot from the above.
需要指出的是根据脏象理论，脏腑器官的名字与现代人体解剖学的器官相对应指的是内脏器官的物质形式。然而，在生理和病理上，中医和西医的认识却大相径庭，这在以上的阐述中能明显体现。
请牢记地震中逃生
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地震虽然目前是人类无法避免和控制的，但只要掌握一些技巧，也是可以从灾难中将伤害降到最低的。$s%`,ZUd.Y.x;j4O
1.为了您自己和家人的人身安全请躲在桌子等坚固家具的下面1D wj[fs
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大的晃动时间约为1分钟左右。这是首先应顾及的是您自己与家人的人身安全。首先，在重心较低、且结实牢固的桌子下面躲避，并紧紧抓牢桌子腿。在没有桌子等可供藏身的场合，无论如何，也要用坐垫等物保护好头部。?1F } K"Hk{5G
2.摇晃时立即关火，失火时立即灭火
大地震时，也会有不能依赖消防车来灭火的情形。因此，我们每个人关火、灭火的这种努力，是能否将地震灾害控制在最小程度的重要因素。3i[7A1R.f
从平时就养成即便是小的地震也关火的习惯吧。
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为了不使火灾酿成大祸，家里人自不用说，左邻右舍之间互相帮助，厉行早期灭火是极为重要的。5sT$v(bC@/@%KI1_
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地震的时候，关火的机会有三次1O3c J] t~ cZw
第一次机会在大的晃动来临之前的小的晃动之时,APM0p A a
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在感知小的晃动的瞬间，即刻互相招呼：“地震！快关火！”，关闭正在使用的取暖炉、煤气炉等。 n&U s B{2lz
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第二次机会在大的晃动停息的时候
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在发生大的晃动时去关火，放在煤气炉、取暖炉上面的水壶等滑落下来，那是很危险的。;F j w8J8kHK
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大的晃动停息后，再一次呼喊：“关火！关火！”，并去关火。
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第三次机会在着火之后x8dc6qal Ta @
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即便发生失火的情形，在1-2分钟之内，还是可以扑灭的。为了能够迅速灭火，请将灭火器、消防水桶经常放置在离用火场所较近的地方。 m1| M G D M
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3.不要慌张地向户外跑 ^+Dt5o&edv P!F
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地震发生后,慌慌张张地向外跑,碎玻璃、屋顶上的砖瓦、广告牌等掉下来砸在身上，是很危险的。此外，水泥预制板墙、自动售货机等也有倒塌的危险，不要靠近这些物体。 ^!j'E Ka8NO)Nt
4.将门打开，确保出口K9u6Ju!y }3]$^ |p9Qd0^
钢筋水泥结构的房屋等，由于地震的晃动会造成门窗错位，打不开门，曾经发生有人被封闭在屋子里的事例。请将门打开，确保出口。4R P!Hm|.G
平时要事先想好万一被关在屋子里，如何逃脱的方法，准备好梯子、绳索等。D |!W3UF
5.户外的场合，要保护好头部，避开危险之处
当大地剧烈摇晃，站立不稳的时候，人们都会有扶靠、抓住什么的心理。身边的门柱、墙壁大多会成为扶靠的对象。但是，这些看上去挺结实牢固的东西，实际上却是危险的。
在1987年日本宫城县海底地震时，由于水泥预制板墙、门柱的倒塌，曾经造成过多人死伤。务必不要靠近水泥预制板墙、门柱等躲避。
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在繁华街、楼区，最危险的是玻璃窗、广告牌等物掉落下来砸伤人。要注意用手或手提包等物保护好头部。
此外，还应该注意自动售货机翻倒伤人。*y|%pV Id]
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在楼区时，根据情况，进入建筑物中躲避比较安全。
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6.在百货公司、剧场时依工作人员的指示行动
在百货公司、地下街等人员较多的地方，最可怕的是发生混乱。请依照商店职员、警卫人员的指示来行动。
就地震而言，据说地下街是比较安全的。即便发生停电，紧急照明电也会即刻亮起来，请镇静地采取行动。
如发生火灾，即刻会充满烟雾。以压低身体的姿势避难，并做到绝对不吸烟。
搭乘电梯的话
在发生地震、火灾时，不能使用电梯。万一在搭乘电梯时遇到地震，将操作盘上各楼层的按钮全部按下，一旦停下，迅速离开电梯，确认安全后避难。 Z6LF6l @%W3A k8v/^ vL
高层大厦以及近来的建筑物的电梯，都装有管制运行的装置。地震发生时，会自动的动作，停在最近的楼层。
万一被关在电梯中的话，请通过电梯中的专用电话与管理室联系、求助。
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7.汽车靠路边停车，管制区域禁止行驶
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发生大地震时，汽车会象轮胎泄了气似的，无法把握方向盘，难以驾驶。必须充分注意，避开十字路口将车子靠路边停下。为了不妨碍避难疏散的人和紧急车辆的通行，要让出道路的中间部分。)x6zf(T2X6`A'S
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都市中心地区的绝大部分道路将会全面禁止通行。充分注意汽车收音机的广播，附近有警察的话，要依照其指示行事。 z xz!E#|7W
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有必要避难时，为不致卷入火灾，请把车窗关好，车钥匙插在车上，不要锁车门，并和当地的人一起行动。
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8.务必注意山崩、断崖落石或海啸
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在山边、陡峭的倾斜地段，有发生山崩、断崖落石的危险，应迅速到安全的场所避难。N~%Y0js7OLn
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在海岸边，有遭遇海啸的危险。感知地震或发出海啸警报的话，请注意收音机、电视机等的信息，迅速到安全的场所避难。
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9.避难时要徒步，携带物品应在最少限度
因地震造成的火灾，蔓延燃烧，出现危机生命、人身安全等情形时，采取避难的措施。避难的方法，原则上以市民防灾组织、街道等为单位，在负责人及警察等带领下采取徒步避难的方式，携带的物品应在最少限度。绝对不能利用汽车、自行车避难。
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对于病人等的避难，当地居民的合作互助是不可缺少的。从平时起，邻里之间有必要在事前就避难的方式等进行商定。
10.不要听信谣言，不要轻举妄动
在发生大地震时，人们心理上易产生动摇。为防止混乱，每个人依据正确的信息，冷静地采取行动，极为重要。2Rq `z%i*| `
从携带的收音机等中，把握正确的信息。相信从政府、警察、消防等防灾机构直接得到的信息，决不轻信不负责任的流言蜚语，不要轻举妄动.
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